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{{Short description|Archaeological site near Cairo, Egypt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name           = Giza pyramid complex
| native_name    =
| alternate_name =
| image          = Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg
| image_size     = 300px
| alt            =
| caption        = The three main pyramids at Giza, together with subsidiary pyramids and the remains of other structures
| map_type       = Egypt
| relief         = yes
| coordinates    = {{coord|29|58|34|N|31|7|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| location       = [[Giza, Greater Cairo]], Egypt
| region         = Middle Egypt
| type           = [[Monument]]
| epochs         = [[Early Dynastic Period of Egypt|Early Dynastic Period]] to [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|Late Period]]
| website        = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| part_of = "[[Pyramid fields from Giza to Dahshur]]" part of ''[[Memphis and its Necropolis&nbsp;– the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur (disambiguation)|Memphis and its Necropolis&nbsp;– the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur]]''
| includes = {{flatlist|
* [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
* [[Pyramid of Khafre]]
* [[Pyramid of Menkaure]]
* [[Great Sphinx of Giza]]
* [[Giza West Field]]
* [[Giza East Field]]
* [[Cemetery GIS]]
* [[Central Field, Giza]]
  }}
| ID = 86-002
| Criteria = Cultural: i, iii, vi
| Year = 1979
| Area = {{convert|16203.36|ha|km2 sqmi|abbr=on}}
  }}
}}
The '''Giza pyramid complex''' (also called the '''Giza necropolis''') in Egypt is home to the [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Great Pyramid]], the [[Pyramid of Khafre]], and the [[Pyramid of Menkaure]], along with their associated pyramid complexes and the [[Great Sphinx of Giza|Great Sphinx]]. All were built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt, between {{circa|2600|2500 BC|}}. The site also includes several temples, cemeteries, and the remains of a workers' village.

The site is at the edge of the Western Desert, approximately {{cvt|9|km|mi}} west of the Nile River in the city of Giza, and about {{cvt|13|km|mi}} southwest of the city centre of Cairo. It forms the northernmost part of the {{convert|16,000|ha|km2 sqmi|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Memphite Necropolis|Pyramid Fields]] of the '''Memphis and its Necropolis'''.

Many books and articles written by Egyptologists who worked at the site are freely available on the [http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/ Digital Giza website].

== Maadi settlements ==
The earliest settlement of the Giza plateau predates the pyramid complexes. Four jars from the Maadi culture were found at the foot of the Great Pyramid, likely from a disturbed earlier settlement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bard |first=Kathryn A. |date=1994 |title=The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/009346994791547553 |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=265–288 |doi=10.1179/009346994791547553 |issn=0093-4690}}</ref> Further Maadi settlement near the site was uncovered during work on the Greater Cairo Wastewater Project.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanussi |first1=Ashraf el- |last2=Jones |first2=Michael |date=1997 |title=A site of the Maadi culture near the Giza pyramids |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo |volume=53 |pages=241–253|s2cid=192152723 }}</ref> Recent reassessment of the radiocarbon dating puts the Maadi culture's Maadi|eponymous settlement to {{Circa|3800|3400 BC}}, which is also the likely maximum possible range for the Giza remains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajeot |first=Jade |title=Predynastic Maadi in context: the research of the Italian expedition revisited (1977–1986) |date=2017 |publisher=Dipartimento di scienze dell'antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma |isbn=978-88-904240-2-1 |series=Studi di preistoria orientale |location=Rome}}</ref>

==Pyramids and Sphinx==
[[File:Giza pyramid complex (map).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Giza pyramid complex (map)]]
[[File:Giza-pyramids-uwm.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Aerial view from north of cultivated Nile valley with the pyramids in the background (1938)]]
[[File:"Pyramids of Ghizeh." 1893.jpg|thumb|''Pyramids of Ghizeh.'' 1893. Egypt; [[heliogravure]] after original views. Wilbour Library of Egyptology. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
[[File:Egypt, Giza.jpg|thumb|The Great Pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza in 1914 ([[Autochrome Lumière]])]]
[[File:Pyramids from afar (2).tif|thumb|The complex in 1955]]
[[File:On top̠ of Cheops Pyramid.jpg|thumb|View from top of the Great Pyramid to the [[Pyramid of Khafre]]]]
The Giza pyramid complex consists of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Great Pyramid]] (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or [[Khufu]] and constructed {{circa|2580|2560&nbsp;BC}}), the somewhat smaller [[Pyramid of Khafre]] (or Chephren) a few hundred metres to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized [[Pyramid of Menkaure]] (or&nbsp;Mykerinos) a few hundred metres farther south-west. The [[Great Sphinx]] lies on the east side of the complex. Consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of [[Khafre]]. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways, and temples.<ref name="Verner">Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. 2001 (1997). {{ISBN|0-8021-3935-3}}</ref> 

===Khufu's complex===
{{main| Great Pyramid of Giza}}
[[Khufu]]'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; diabase paving and nummulitic limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shafer |first1=Byron E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cv08amI7lkUC&q=khufu+%22valley+temple%22&pg=PA51 |title=Temples of Ancient Egypt |last2=Arnold |first2=Dieter |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85043-945-5 |pages=51–52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Dieter |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet/page/126 |title=The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture |last2=Strudwick |first2=Nigel |last3=Strudwick |first3=Helen |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-86064-465-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet/page/126 126] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The valley temple was connected to a causeway that was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu, which was connected to the pyramid. Of this temple, the basalt pavement is the only thing that remains. The king's pyramid has three smaller [[queens pyramids|queen's pyramids]] associated with it and three boat pits.<ref name="PM">[[Bertha Porter|Porter, Bertha]] and [[Rosalind Moss|Moss, Rosalind L. B.]] ''Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. Volume III. Memphis. Part I. Abû Rawâsh to Abûṣîr.'' 2nd edition, revised and augmented by Jaromír Málek, The Clarendon Press, Oxford 1974. [http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/porter-moss_III_giza.pdf PDF from The Giza Archives, 29,5 MB] Retrieved 10 February 2017.</ref>{{rp|11–19}} The boat pits contained a ship, and the two pits on the south side of the pyramid contained intact ships when excavated. One of these ships, the [[Khufu ship]], has been restored and was originally displayed at the Giza Solar boat museum, then subsequently moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A team from the Grand Egyptian Museum succeeded in the first trial run conducted to test the vehicles that will be used in the transferring the first Khufu Solar Boat from its current location |url=https://egymonuments.gov.eg/news/a-team-from-the-grand-egyptian-museum-succeeded-in-the-first-trial-run-conducted-to-test-the-vehicles-that-will-be-used-in-the-transferring-the-first-khufu-solar-boat-from-its-current-location/ |date=2019 |website=[[Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt)|Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities]] |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In pictures: Egypt pharaoh's 'solar boat' moved to Giza museum|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-58088867|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2021-08-07|accessdate=2021-08-07}}</ref>

Khufu's pyramid still has a limited number of casing stones at its base. These casing stones were made of fine white limestone quarried from the nearby range.<ref name="Verner"/>

===Khafre's complex===
{{main| Pyramid of Khafre| Great Sphinx of Giza}}
[[Khafre]]'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, the Sphinx temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple yielded several statues of Khafre. Several were found in a well in the floor of the temple by Mariette in 1860. Others were found during successive excavations by Sieglin (1909–1910), Junker, Reisner, and Hassan. Khafre's complex contained five boat-pits and a subsidiary pyramid with a [[serdab]].<ref name="PM" />{{rp|19–26}}

Khafre's pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu Pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction—it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume. Khafre's pyramid retains a prominent display of casing stones at its apex.<ref name="Verner" />

===Menkaure's complex===
{{main|Pyramid of Menkaure}}
[[Menkaure]]'s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, a causeway, a mortuary temple, and the king's pyramid. The valley temple once contained several statues of Menkaure. During the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|5th Dynasty]], a smaller ante-temple was added on to the valley temple. The mortuary temple also yielded several statues of Menkaure. The king's pyramid, completed {{Circa|2510 BC}}, has three subsidiary or queen's pyramids.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|26–35}}
Of the four major monuments, only Menkaure's pyramid is seen today without any of its original polished limestone casing.<ref name="Verner"/>

===Sphinx===
[[File:Sphinx partially excavated2.jpg|thumb|The Sphinx partially excavated, photo taken between 1867 and 1899]]
{{Main|Great Sphinx of Giza}}
The Sphinx dates from the reign of king [[Khafre]].<ref name="Riddle of the Sphinx">{{Cite web |date=2009-12-23 |title=Riddle of the Sphinx |url=https://www.documentarystorm.com/riddle-of-the-sphinx/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Documentary Storm}}</ref> During the New Kingdom, [[Amenhotep II]] dedicated a new temple to Hauron-Haremakhet and this structure was added onto by later rulers.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|39–40}}

===Tomb of Queen Khentkaus I===
{{main|Pyramid of Khentkaus I}}

[[Khentkaus I]] was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the [[Central Field, Giza|Central Field]], near the valley temple of [[Menkaure]]. The pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus includes her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple, and a pyramid town.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|288–289}}

==Workers' village==
[[File:S10.08 Gizeh, image 9936.jpg|thumbnail|One face of the [[Pyramid of Khafre]] at Giza, as seen from Khafre's valley temple]]
[[File:Giza-pyramids.JPG|thumb|Giza pyramid complex seen from above]]
The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others were also needed for the project. Along with the methods used to construct the pyramids, there is also wide speculation regarding the exact number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian [[Herodotus]] visited Giza in 450&nbsp;BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that "the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time." Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid.<ref name="Verner" />

The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which [[Mark Lehner]] and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is located to the southeast of the [[Khafre]] and [[Menkaure]] complexes. Among the discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters, bakeries, breweries, and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread, beef, and fish were dietary staples), a copper workshop, a hospital, and a cemetery (where some of the skeletons were found with signs of trauma associated with accidents on a building site).<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Mark |date=2002 |title=The Pyramid Age Settlement of the Southern Mount at Giza |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40001149 |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |language=en |volume=39 |pages=27–74 |doi=10.2307/40001149|jstor=40001149 }}</ref> The metal processed at the site was the so-called [[arsenical copper]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odler |first1=Martin |last2=Kmošek |first2=Jiří |date=2019 |title=Copper at Giza: the Latest News |url=https://aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/aeragram20_2.pdf |journal=Aeragram |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=12–17}}</ref> The same material was also identified among the copper artefacts from the "Kromer" site, from the reigns of Khufu and Khafre.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odler |first1=Martin |last2=Kmošek |first2=Jiří |last3=Fikrle |first3=Marek |last4=Erban Kochergina |first4=Yulia V. |date=2021 |title=Arsenical copper tools of Old Kingdom Giza craftsmen: First data |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X21000808 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |language=en |volume=36 |pages=102868 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102868 |bibcode=2021JArSR..36j2868O |s2cid=233577883 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

The workers' town appears to date from the middle [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|4th Dynasty]] (2520–2472&nbsp;BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA team:

: The development of this urban complex must have been rapid. All of the construction probably happened in the 35 to 50 years that spanned the reigns of Khafre and Menkaure, builders of the Second and Third Giza Pyramids.

Using pottery shards, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to date the site, the team further concludes:

: The picture that emerges is that of a planned settlement, some of the world's earliest urban planning, securely dated to the reigns of two Giza pyramid builders: Khafre (2520–2494&nbsp;BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472&nbsp;BC).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aeraweb.org/projects/lost-city/|title=Egyptian Pyramids – Lost City of the Pyramid Builders – AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates|work=aeraweb.org|date=10 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lehner |first=Mark |date=14 October 2009 |title=Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids |url=http://www.aeraweb.org/lost-city-project/dating-the-lost-city/ |work=aeraweb.org |publisher=Ancient Egypt Research Associates}}</ref>
Radiocarbon data for the Old Kingdom Giza plateau and the workers' settlement were published in 2006,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonani |first1=Georges |last2=Haas |first2=Herbert |last3=Hawass |first3=Zahi |last4=Lehner |first4=Mark |last5=Nakhla |first5=Shawki |last6=Nolan |first6=John |last7=Wenke |first7=Robert |last8=Wölfli |first8=Willy |date=2001 |title=Radiocarbon Dates of Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments in Egypt |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1297–1320 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200038558 |bibcode=2001Radcb..43.1297B |issn=0033-8222|doi-access=free }}</ref> and then re-evaluated in 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dee |first1=M. W. |last2=Bronk Ramsey |first2=C. |last3=Shortland |first3=A. J. |last4=Higham |first4=T. F. G. |last5=Rowland |first5=J. M. |date=2009 |title=Reanalysis of the Chronological Discrepancies Obtained by the Old and Middle Kingdom Monuments Project |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=1061–1070 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200034111 |bibcode=2009Radcb..51.1061D |issn=0033-8222|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Cemeteries==
As the pyramids were constructed, the [[mastaba]]s for lesser royals were constructed around them. Near the pyramid of Khufu, the main cemetery is G 7000, which lies in the East Field located to the east of the main pyramid and next to the Queen's pyramids. These cemeteries around the pyramids were arranged along streets and avenues.<ref>Lehner, Mark, "''The Complete Pyramids''", [[Thames & Hudson]], 1997. {{ISBN|0-500-05084-8}}.</ref> Cemetery G 7000 was one of the earliest and contained tombs of wives, sons, and daughters of these [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|4th Dynasty]] rulers. On the other side of the pyramid in the West Field, the royals' sons [[Wepemnofret]] and [[Hemiunu]] were buried in Cemetery G 1200 and Cemetery G 4000, respectively. These cemeteries were further expanded during the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|5th]] and [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt|6th Dynasties]].<ref name="PM" />

===West Field===
The West Field is located to the west of Khufu's pyramid. It is divided into smaller areas such as the cemeteries referred to as the Abu Bakr Excavations (1949–1950, 1950–1951, 1952, and 1953), and several cemeteries named based on the [[mastaba]] numbers such as Cemetery G 1000, Cemetery G 1100, etc. The West Field contains Cemetery G1000&nbsp;– Cemetery G1600, and Cemetery G 1900. Further cemeteries in this field are: Cemeteries G 2000, G 2200, G 2500, G 3000, G 4000, and G 6000. Three other cemeteries are named after their excavators: Junker Cemetery West, Junker Cemetery East, and Steindorff Cemetery.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|100–122}}

===East Field===


The East Field is located to the east of Khufu's pyramid and contains cemetery G 7000. This cemetery was a burial place for some of the family members of Khufu.
The cemetery also includes mastabas from tenants and priests of the pyramids dated to the 5th Dynasty and 6th Dynasty.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|179–216}}

===Cemetery GIS===


This cemetery dates from the time of [[Menkaure]] (Junker) or earlier (Reisner), and contains several stone-built mastabas dating from as late as the [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt|6th Dynasty]]. Tombs from the time of [[Menkaure]] include the mastabas of the royal chamberlain Khaemnefert, the King's son Khufudjedef (master of the royal largesse), and an official named Niankhre.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|216–228}}

===Central Field===

The Central Field contains several burials of royal family members. The tombs range in date from the end of the [[Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|4th Dynasty]] to the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|5th Dynasty]] or even later.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|230–293}}

Tombs dating from the [[Sais, Egypt|Saite]] and later period were found near the causeway of Khafre and the Great Sphinx. These tombs include the tomb of a commander of the army named Ahmose and his mother Queen Nakhtubasterau, who was the wife of [[Pharaoh]] [[Amasis II]].<ref name="PM" />{{rp|289–290}}

===South Field===
The South Field includes mastabas dating from the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|1st Dynasty]] to [[3rd Dynasty]] as well as later burials.<ref name="etana.org">{{cite book |last=Petrie |first=W. M. Flinders |author-link=Flinders Petrie |display-authors=etal |title=Gizeh and Rifeh |url=http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/15112.pdf |year=1907 |location=London |publisher=School of Archaeology in Egypt |pages=2–8 |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref> Of the more significant of these early dynastic tombs are one referred to as "Covington's tomb", otherwise known as Mastaba T, and the large Mastaba V which contained artifacts naming the 1st Dynasty pharaoh [[Djet]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Flentye |first=Laurel |title=Online Only – Archaeology |chapter=The Art and Archaeology of the Giza Plateau |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-29 |date=March 2018 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.29|isbn=978-0-19-993541-3 }}</ref><ref name="etana.org" /> Other tombs date from the late [[Old Kingdom]] (5th and 6th Dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the [[Saite]] period and later.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|294–297}}

===Tombs of the pyramid builders===
In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids, with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in [[mudbrick]] tombs with beer and bread to support them in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers, and carpenters were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html#tombs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020916085727/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html#tombs |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2002 |title=Who Built the Pyramids? |work=Explore the pyramids |access-date=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza: Dr. Zahi Hawass |url=http://guardians.net/hawass/buildtomb.htm |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=guardians.net}}</ref><ref>[http://www.drhawass.com/events/cemetery-pyramid-builders The Cemetery of the Pyramid Builders] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915172639/http://www.drhawass.com/events/cemetery-pyramid-builders |date=15 September 2010 }} by Zahi Hawass</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooney |first1=Kathlyn |editor1-last=Wilkinson |editor1-first=Toby |title=The Egyptian World |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Labour}}</ref>

== Shafts ==
There are multiple [[Shaft and chamber tomb|burial-shafts]] and various unfinished shafts and tunnels located in the Giza complex that were discovered and mentioned prominently by [[Selim Hassan]] in his report ''Excavations at Giza 1933–1934''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/pubdocs/238/full/|title=Digital Giza {{!}} Excavations at Gîza 5: 1933–1934|website=giza.fas.harvard.edu|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> He states: "Very few of the Saitic [referring to the [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|Saite Period]]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carolinarh |date=29 April 2013 |title=Saitic Period |url=https://arsartisticadventureofmankind.wordpress.com/tag/saitic-period/ |access-date=2019-10-24 |website=ArS Artistic Adventure of Mankind |language=en}}</ref> shafts have been thoroughly examined, for the reason that most of them are flooded."{{R|:0|p=193}}

=== Osiris Shaft ===
The Osiris Shaft is a narrow burial-shaft leading to three levels for a tomb and below it a flooded area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pyramids-of-Giza/images-videos/Learn-about-the-Osiris-Shaft-a-symbolic-tomb-of-the/194349|title=Pyramids of Giza (pyramids, Egypt)|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref> It was first mentioned by Hassan, and a thorough excavation was conducted by a team led by [[Zahi Hawass|Hawass]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kmtsesh |date=2012-02-18 |title=The Osiris Shaft: a Giza cenotaph |url=https://ancientneareast.org/2012/02/18/the-osiris-shaft-a-giza-cenotaph/ |access-date=2019-10-24 |website=Ancient Near East: Just the Facts |language=en}}</ref> It was opened to tourists in November 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=First Time Exploring The Astonishing Osiris Shaft on the Giza Plateau|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quUtlWTB_dc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/quUtlWTB_dc |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==New Kingdom and Late Period==
[[File:Gizeh-Stele du reve.jpg|thumb|The [[Dream Stele]] between the Sphinx's front legs]]
During the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] Giza was still an active site. A brick-built chapel was constructed near the Sphinx during the early [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]], probably by King [[Thutmose I]]. [[Amenhotep II]] built a temple dedicated to Hauron-Haremakhet near the Sphinx. As a prince, the future pharaoh [[Thutmose IV]] visited the pyramids and the Sphinx; he reported being told in a dream that if he cleared the sand that had built up around the Sphinx, he would be rewarded with kingship. This event is recorded in the [[Dream Stele]], which he had installed between the Sphinx's front legs.

During the early years of his reign, Thutmose IV, together with his wife Queen Nefertari, had stelae erected at Giza.

Pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]] had a structure built, which is now referred to as the king's resthouse.

During the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19th Dynasty]], [[Seti I]] added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son [[Ramesses II]] erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun.<ref name="PM" />{{rp|39–47}}

During the [[Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt|21st Dynasty]], the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the [[Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt|26th Dynasty]], a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen [[Henutsen]].<ref name="PM" />{{rp|18}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Giza pyramid complex}}
* [https://egymonuments.gov.eg/archaeological-sites/giza-plateau/ Giza Plateau / Official Site] – [https://www.pyramid-of-giza.com/ Tourist Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902142719/http://egypt.travel-photo.org/cairo/pyramids-in-giza.html Pyramids in Giza] – Pictures of Giza Pyramids published under [[Creative Commons License]].
* Website of the [https://aeraweb.org/ Ancient Egypt Research Associates], researching Giza for over 30 years
* [http://www.3ds.com/introduction/revealed/ 3D virtual tour explaining Houdin's theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075844/http://www.3ds.com/introduction/revealed/ |date=28 July 2011}} (plug in needed)
* [http://giza.fas.harvard.edu The Giza Archives at Harvard University] – Since 2010, the [[Old Giza Project]] [http://www.gizapyramids.org website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011131428/http://www.gizapyramids.org/ |date=11 October 2008}} maintained by the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|Museum of Fine Arts]], in Boston, has moved to [[Harvard University]] with an improved, expanded website. This website is a comprehensive resource for research on Giza. It contains photographs and other documentation from the original Harvard University – [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition]] (1904 to 1947), from recent MFA fieldwork, and from other expeditions, museums, and universities around the world.

{{Memphis Necropolis}}


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[[Category:Giza pyramid complex| ]]
[[Category:Giza Plateau]]
[[Category:Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Open-air museums in Egypt]]
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[[Category:Western Desert (Egypt)]]